Her impeccable calculations had already helped plot the successful flight of Alan B. Johnson, who died at 101 on Monday at a retirement home in Newport News, Va., calculated the precise trajectories that would let Apollo 11 land on the moon in 1969 and, after Neil Armstrong’s history-making moonwalk, let it return to Earth.Ī single error, she well knew, could have dire consequences for craft and crew. Wielding little more than a pencil, a slide rule and one of the finest mathematical minds in the country, Mrs. Currently, NASA is working actively to break down the barriers for women to work within the agency in science and engineering.They asked Katherine Johnson for the moon, and she gave it to them. In September of 2018, NASA named Holly Ridings as its first female flight director in mission control. Since Sally Ride’s first mission, at least 50 women have flown on NASA space missions as of 2018. Later, in 1999, NASA astronaut Eileen Collins became the first woman to command a space shuttle mission. had sent a second female cosmonaut into space, Svetlana Savitskaya. This was Sally Ride, who flew into space on the space Shuttle Challenger on June 18, 1983. It was not until 20 years later that NASA sent the first American woman into space. This was Valentina Tereshkova who orbited Earth on the Soviet Vostok 6 mission in 1963. In 1963, the Soviet Union again pulled ahead of NASA by making the extraordinary move of sending the first woman into space.
However, because Congress decided that it was more appropriate for NASA to stick to their men's-only program, the women were not officially part of NASA and they would never be afforded the opportunity to fly in space. Kennedy challenged the United States to an ambitious goal of landing “a man” on the Moon with the following declaration: “I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth.” During the early 1960s, while NASA was training and flying the seven astronaut men of Project Mercury, 13 American women, the First Lady Astronaut Trainees or the Mercury 13, were also going through rigorous astronaut training. Three weeks later, on May 25, President John F. Shepard’s suborbital flight lasted just over 15 minutes. A little more than three weeks later, NASA launched its first astronaut, a man named Alan Shepard, on a suborbital spaceflight. The first human being in space was a man, the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, who made one orbit around Earth on April 12, 1961, on a flight that lasted 108 minutes. The men distrusted computers and believed their own human calculations were superior, which ended up giving women early experience in the new skill of computer programming. Once NASA acquired electronic computers from IBM, computer programming became women’s work. Their work helped one of the first American astronauts, John Glenn, orbit Earth in 1962 and ensured the safety of the mission. Mary Jackson, Katherine Johnson, and Dorothy Vaughan were especially prominent computers.
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The African-American women computers played a vital role in advancing NASA projects, a story popularized by the movie Hidden Figures, based on the book of the same name by Margot Lee Shetterly. Located at the Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, all of NASA’s human computers were women, and many of them were African American. These were people who processed data for aviation experiments and, eventually, spaceflights, and they carried out these calculations completely by hand. During the early days of the space program, women served as “human computers.” The term “computer” referred to a job title for someone who performed highly complex mathematical calculations, not the machines that did them. In the years following the formation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958, however, women were excluded from the astronaut corps and other highly visible key positions. Even before the space age launched on October 4, 1957, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) orbited Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth, women have worked on the United States' space effort, often as integral members behind the scenes.
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